This simulation compares three simple half-wave rectifier arrangements and shows how a diode plus different smoothing networks shape the output from a 100 Hz AC source into a DC-like voltage. Top circuit: a single diode feeding a 100 kΩ load. The diode conducts only on positive half-cycles, so the load sees isolated pulses (pulsating DC) at the input frequency; average output is much lower than peak and contains large ripple. Middle circuit: diode 100 nF capacitor in parallel with the 100 kΩ loa

This simulation demonstrates the working of a full-wave rectifier using a center-tapped transformer and two diodes. The AC input signal from the transformer’s secondary winding is divided into two equal halves, each feeding one diode. During the positive half cycle, the upper diode conducts, allowing current through the load resistor in one direction. In the negative half cycle, the lower diode conducts, again passing current through the load in the same direction. As a result, both halves of th