Germany, India, Mexico, and Spain. As multiparty democracies, these countries present a more complex picture of what brings people together—or divides them. Using social media data, a group of ...

Polarization has been a central concept to our understanding of optics and has found many applications ranging from quantum science to our daily life. 3D polarization structures possess peculiar ...

An electromagnetic wave or signal traveling from “here” to “there” has an electrostatic field component that we call its E-field and whose direction we assign as the signal’s polarity. Often, the ...

In this study, a single atom trapped by an optical tweezer was successfully utilized as a scanning probe *4 for imaging the fine structures of intensity and polarization distributions of light ...

With the rapid advancement of the information age, the demand for multi-dimensional light information detection has significantly increased. Traditional Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers ...

We present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation into the generation and characterization of polarization speckles obtained through anisotropic scattering media, specifically ...